Geographical accessibility to the supply of antiophidic sera in Brazil: Timely access possibilities.

Snakebite accidents are considered category A neglected tropical diseases. Brazil stands out for snakebite accidents, mainly in the Amazon region. The best possible care after snakebite accidents is to obtain antiophidic sera on time. And the maximum ideal time to reach it is about 2 hours after an accident. Based on public health information and using a tool to analyze geographical accessibility, we evaluate the possibility of reaching Brazilian serum-providing health facilities from the relationship between population distribution and commuting time. In this exploratory descriptive study, the geographic accessibility of Brazilian population to health facilities that supply antiophidic serum is evaluated through a methodology that articulates several issues that influence the commuting time to health units (ACCESSMOD): population and facilities' distribution, transportation network and means, relief and land use, which were obtained in Brazilian and international sources. The relative importance of the population without the possibility of reaching a facility in two hours is highlighted for Macro-Regions, States and municipalities. About nine million people live in locations more than two hours away from serum-providing facilities, with relevant variations between regions, states, and municipalities. States like Mato Grosso, Pará and Maranhão had the most important participation of population with reaching time problems to those units. The most significant gaps are found in areas with a dispersed population and sometimes characterized by a high incidence of snakebites, such as in the North of the country, especially in the Northeastern Pará state. Even using a 2010 population distribution information, because of the 2020 Census postponement, the tendencies and characteristics analyzed reveal challenging situations over the country. The growing availability of serum-providing health facilities, the enhanced possibilities of transporting accident victims, and even the availability of sera in other types of establishments are actions that would allow expanding the possibilities of access to serum supply.

Demographic and spatial study of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, during 2007-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis has a broad worldwide distribution and constitutes a public health problem in the Northeast of Brazil. Located in this region is the state of Alagoas, where the disease is endemic in humans and where there has been a significant increase in the number of positive dogs. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the cases of human VL in the state of Alagoas with the aim of identifying transmission risk areas in the period from 2007 to 2018. METHODS: The data available in the National Disease Notification System (SINAN-NET) were used. The Bayesian incidence rate and the Moran's global index were calculated using the Terra View 4.2.2 program, and the maps were created using QGIS2.18.0. RESULTS: From the 102 municipalities, 68.6% (n= 70) had at least one notified case of VL in the years of study. A total of 489 cases were registered, with an average of 40.7 cases per year and an incidence rate of 1.25/100,000 inhabitants. The highest number of confirmed cases (105) occurred in 2018. Male individuals and children between 1-4 years old were the most affected, and 64% of the cases were in rural areas. Spatial dependence was detected in all the intervals except for the first triennium, and clusters were formed in the west of the state. CONCLUSIONS: Alagoas presented an accentuated geographical expansion of VL, and it is necessary to prioritize areas and increase surveillance actions and epidemiological control.

Demographic and spatial study of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, during 2007-2018

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis has a broad worldwide distribution and constitutes a public health problem in the Northeast of Brazil. Located in this region is the state of Alagoas, where the disease is endemic in humans and where there has been a significant increase in the number of positive dogs. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the cases of human VL in the state of Alagoas with the aim of identifying transmission risk areas in the period from 2007 to 2018. METHODS: The data available in the National Disease Notification System (SINAN-NET) were used. The Bayesian incidence rate and the Moran's global index were calculated using the Terra View 4.2.2 program, and the maps were created using QGIS2.18.0. RESULTS: From the 102 municipalities, 68.6% (n= 70) had at least one notified case of VL in the years of study. A total of 489 cases were registered, with an average of 40.7 cases per year and an incidence rate of 1.25/100,000 inhabitants. The highest number of confirmed cases (105) occurred in 2018. Male individuals and children between 1-4 years old were the most affected, and 64% of the cases were in rural areas. Spatial dependence was detected in all the intervals except for the first triennium, and clusters were formed in the west of the state. CONCLUSIONS: Alagoas presented an accentuated geographical expansion of VL, and it is necessary to prioritize areas and increase surveillance actions and epidemiological control.

Como superar a estagnação da curva de cobertura vacinal de primeira dose contra covid-19 no Brasil? / How to overcome the stagnation of the first dose vaccine coverage curve against covid-19 in Brazil?

Este estudo descreveu a evolução temporal da cobertura vacinal de primeira dose contra a Covid-19 no Brasil e estados. O país possui 84,86% da população elegível para vacinação e atualmente a cobertura de primeira dose é de 74,95%. Há uma desaceleração na aplicação de primeiras doses no Brasil desde a semana epidemiológica 36 (APC 0,83%, IC 95% 0,75 ­0,91%), com tendência próxima de estagnação, sincronizadas com o início do debate sobre efetividade da vacina e proximidade do limite de população elegível à vacinação. É importante criar estratégias para aumentar o acesso da população aos postos de vacinação. Além disso, é urgente buscar a aprovação da vacinação em crianças, aumentando a população elegível.

[Natural disasters and health: an analysis of the situation in Brazil]. / Desastres naturais e saúde: uma análise da situação do Brasil.

Natural disasters are still insufficiently studied and understood within the scope of public health in this country, with impacts in the short and long term. The scope of this article is to analyze the relationship between disasters and their impact on health based on disaster data recorded in the country. The methodology involved the systematization of data and information contained in the Brazilian Atlas of Natural Disasters 1991-2010 and directly from the National Department of Civil Defense (NSCD). Disasters were organized into four categories of events (meteorological; hydrological; climatological; geophysical/geological) and for each of the latter, the data for morbidity, mortality and exposure of those affected were examined, revealing different types of impacts. Three categories of disasters stood out: the hydrological events showed higher percentages of mortality, morbidity and exposure; climatological events had higher percentages of incidents and people affected; the geophysical/geological events had a higher average of exposure and deaths per event. Lastly, a more active participation of the health sector in the post-2015 global political agenda is proposed, particularly events related to sustainable development, climate change and disaster risk reduction.

Desastres naturais e saúde: uma análise da situação do Brasil / Natural disasters and health: an analysis of the situation in Brazil

Os desastres naturais ainda são pouco pesquisados e compreendidos no âmbito da Saúde Coletiva no país, com impactos do curto ao longo prazos. O objetivo deste artigo é, a partir de dados sobre desastres registrados no país, analisar a inter-relação entre esses eventos e seus impactos sobre a saúde. A metodologia envolveu a sistematização de dados e informações contidos no Atlas Brasileiro dos Desastres Naturais 1991-2010 e diretamente na Secretária Nacional de Defesa Civil (SNDC). Os desastres foram organizados em quatro categorias de eventos (meteorológicos; hidrológicos; climatológicos; geofísicos/geológicos) e, para cada uma das mesmas, foram explorados os dados de afetados, morbidade, mortalidade e expostos, demonstrando diferentes tipos de impactos. Três categorias de desastres se destacaram: os eventos hidrológicos apresentaram maiores percentuais de mortalidade, morbidade e expostos; os climatológicos maiores percentuais de ocorrências e afetados; os geofísicos/geológicos maior média de expostos e óbitos por evento. Ao final propõe-se uma participação mais ativa do setor saúde na agenda política global pós-2015, particularmente as relacionadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável, mudanças climáticas e redução de riscos de desastres.

Natural disasters are still insufficiently studied and understood within the scope of public health in this country, with impacts in the short and long term. The scope of this article is to analyze the relationship between disasters and their impact on health based on disaster data recorded in the country. The methodology involved the systematization of data and information contained in the Brazilian Atlas of Natural Disasters 1991-2010 and directly from the National Department of Civil Defense (NSCD). Disasters were organized into four categories of events (meteorological; hydrological; climatological; geophysical/geological) and for each of the latter, the data for morbidity, mortality and exposure of those affected were examined, revealing different types of impacts. Three categories of disasters stood out: the hydrological events showed higher percentages of mortality, morbidity and exposure; climatological events had higher percentages of incidents and people affected; the geophysical/geological events had a higher average of exposure and deaths per event. Lastly, a more active participation of the health sector in the post-2015 global political agenda is proposed, particularly events related to sustainable development, climate change and disaster risk reduction.

Variabilidade climática, vulnerabilidade ambiental e saúde: os níveis dorio Negro e as doenças relacionadas à água em Manaus / Climate variability, vulnerability and environmental health: levels of Negro river and water-related diseases in Manaus

Manaus apresenta peculiaridades em relação às mudanças ambientais e climáticas. A sazonalidade das chuvas, níveis dos rios, produção de alimentos, pesca e condições de transporte condicionam a economia regional e influem sobre a vida na cidade. O nível da água do Rio Negro tem sido um regulador da dinâmica econômica e social da cidade, desde sua fundação. A persistência de casas de madeira construídas sobre palafitas é um exemplo de adaptação da população local à variabilidade climática. A altura das casas, pontes e trapiches sobre estacas revela uma conformação dos habitantes locais a variações esperadas do regime dos rios, ao mesmo tempo em que impõe um limite aceitável, além do qual torna-se inviável a moradia e as atividades econômicas, e consequentemente geram agravos a saúde. Nos últimos anos, o regime de cheias e vazantes tem superado as marcas históricas registradas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o comportamento hidrológico da região e relacionar seu impacto com agravos à saúde. Foi realizado um estudo de séries temporais que analisou as decomposições das séries para observação da tendência e sazonalidade. Na análise estatística utilizaram-se modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM). Os modelos multivariados também contemplaram variáveis metrológicas e Índices de Oscilação Niño (ONI). Com base nos resultados obtidos pelos modelos finais foram construídos cenários segundo a variação dos níveis do rio Negro na região de Manaus. Os resultados apontam uma associação entre eventos hidrológicos extremos e a incidência de algumas doenças na cidade. Por exemplo, cotas do rio acima de 28 metros em períodos de chuva apresentaram associação positiva com as notificações de casos de leptospirose. Os casos de febre tifoide apresentaram associação com defasagem de um mês em relação ao nível do rio Negro, temperatura máxima e índice ONI. Os casos de malária apresentaram associação com defasagem de 2 meses com a chuva e cotas acima 27,5 metros durante o período de subida do nível do rio Negro. Os resultados obtidos apontam para limiares do rio Negro na região de Manaus que podem direcionar intervenções, monitoramento, planejamento e medidas de adaptação de saúde no município.

Manaus has important specificities in the context of environmental and climate changes. Rainfall, the level of rivers, food production, the dynamic of fisheries, and transportation have a marked seasonal pattern, influencing regional economy and urban life. Rio Negro’s water level has modulated the economic and social dynamics of the city since its inception. The persistence of wood houses built on stilts is an example of how the local population has adapted to climate variability over the years. The high height of the houses, the fact bridges and piers have been built on high wooden pillars document the way local inhabitants have did their best to face the challenges posed by the rivers’ variable regimens. Despite all such flexibility, pronounced variations may exceed inhabitants’ buffering initiatives, beyond a point housing and economic activities may be no longer viable. In consequence, social and health hazards may emerge. In recent years, the cycle of ebbs and flows has exceeded historical trademarks. This study analyzed the hydrology of the region and assessed its impact on health of the local population. Time series were fitted in order to discern their overall trends and seasonal patterns. Statistical analyses used generalized additive models (GAM). Multivariate models incorporated metrological data and the Niño Oscillation Index (ONI). Models’ findings help to build scenarios focusing on the varying levels of the Rio Negro and their impact on the Manaus region. The results highlighted the association between extreme hydrological events and the incidence of different diseases in the city of Manaus.

For example, when the watermark is located 28 meters above the river’s reference level, during the rainy season, cases of leptospirosis to the surveillance systems have increased. Cases of typhoid fever were found to be associated with a one-month lagged variation of Rio Negro, maximum temperatures and variations of the ONI index. Malaria cases were associated with a two-months lagged variation of rain and a watermark 27.5 meters above Rio Negro’s reference level. Results helped to define the thresholds of Rio Negro in the Manaus region that may ask for targeted interventions, monitoring, planning, as well as to initiatives aiming to tailor health preservation to the actual conditions prevailing in the municipality.

Recurrence of leprosy cases in the State of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare new registrations of recurrences of leprosy cases in primary healthcare units (PHUs) and in specialized units in the State of Mato Grosso. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study based on all new registrations (N = 323) of recurrences of leprosy cases within the Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN) between 2004 and 2006 that were made in the State of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil. The cases diagnosed were compared regarding sex, age, clinical-laboratory characteristics and geographical distribution among the municipalities. To compare and calculate the proportions of the variables, the chi-square test at the significance level of 5% was used. RESULTS: Among the new registrations of recurrences, 20% were confirmed at specialized units and 80% at PHUs. However, most of the diagnoses at PHUs presented negative bacilloscopy findings (c2 = 12.34; p = 0.002). Seventy-one per cent of the cases were among males; the mean age was 43 years. No differences in the percentages of registrations were observed between the healthcare units with regard to clinical form, operational classification or degree of physical incapacity. Out of the total number of municipalities in the state, 64.7% presented recurrences and these accounted for 6 to 20% of all registrations. CONCLUSIONS: The new registrations of cases of recurrence in Mato Grosso were influenced by the diagnoses made at PHUs, thus suggesting that there is a deficiency within the healthcare services in recognizing cases of recurrence.

Recidivas de casos de hanseníase no estado de Mato Grosso / Recurrencia de casos de hanseníasis en el estado de Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste de Brasil, 2004-2006 / Recurrence of leprosy cases in the State of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil

OBJETIVO: Comparar as novas entradas por recidiva de hanseníase em unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e em unidades especializadas (UE) no estado de Mato Grosso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com base em todos os registros (N = 323) de recidivas de hanseníase do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) de 2004 a 2006, notificados no estado de Mato Grosso. Os casos diagnosticados foram comparados quanto ao sexo, idade, aspectos clínico-laboratoriais e distribuição geográfica nos municípios. Para a comparação e cálculo das proporções das variáveis utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Das novas entradas de recidiva, 20 por cento foi confirmado nas UE e 80 por cento em UBS; entretanto, a maioria dos diagnósticos em UBS tinham baciloscopia negativa (÷² =12,34; p = 0,002)...

OBJECTIVE: To compare new registrations of recurrences of leprosy cases in primary healthcare units (PHUs) and in specialized units in the State of Mato Grosso. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study based on all new registrations (N = 323) of recurrences of leprosy cases within the Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN) between 2004 and 2006 that were made in the State of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil. The cases diagnosed were compared regarding sex, age, clinical-laboratory characteristics and geographical distribution among the municipalities. To compare and calculate the proportions of the variables, the chi-square test at the significance level of 5 percent was used. RESULTS: Among the new registrations of recurrences, 20 percent were confirmed at specialized units and 80 percent at PHUs. However, most of the diagnoses at PHUs presented negative bacilloscopy findings (c2 = 12.34; p = 0.002)...

OBJETIVO: Comparar las nuevas entradas por recurrencia de hanseníasis en unidades básicas de salud (UBS) y en unidades especializadas (UE) en el estado de Mato Grosso, en Centro-Oeste de Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con base en todos los registros (N=323) de recurrencias de hanseníasis del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (SINAN) de 2004 a 2006, notificados en el estado de Mato Grosso. Los casos diagnosticados fueron comparados con relación a sexo, edad, aspectos clínicos-laboratoriales y distribución geográfica en los municipios. Para la comparación y cálculo de las proporciones de las variables se utilizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado con nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento. RESULTADOS: De las nuevas entradas de recurrencia, 20 por ciento fueron confirmadas en las UE y 80 por ciento en UBS; mientras que la mayoría de los diagnósticos en UBS tenían baciloscopia negativa (c2 =12,34; p = 0,002)...

[Hansen's disease, social conditions, and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon]. / Hanseníase, condições sociais e desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between social and environmental indicators and the Hansen's disease new case detection rate (HNCDR) in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: This ecological study was based on the new cases of Hansen's disease reported to the Brazilian Disease Surveillance System SINAN in 2006. Analyses were performed considering 105 micro-regions formed by adjacent municipalities with economic and social similarities. HNCDRs per 10 000 people were calculated. Independent variables were total area deforested (km(2)) in each micro-region until 2006; proportion of people living in households with rudimentary septic tanks; proportion of people living in households with water supply from wells; and human development index (HDI) in 2000. Local empirical Bayes smoothing was applied to HNCDR. Analyses were carried out to determined correlations and differences between means (analysis of variance) for a significance level of 5%. The Kernel technique was used to investigate the geographic distribution of events of interest for all the study indicators. RESULTS: A positive correlation was observed between HNCDR and total deforested area (r = 0.50; P < 0.000) and percent of households with rudimentary septic tanks (r = 0.49; P < 0.000). HDI was inversely correlated with HNCDR: the higher the HDI, the lower the HNCDR (r = -0.36; P < 0.000). Considering the entire region, proportion of households with water from wells was not associated with NCDR. CONCLUSIONS: The Hansen's disease new case detection rate, which reflects the magnitude of disease, is associated with social conditions and land settlement practices in the Brazilian Amazon.

Hanseníase, condições sociais e desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira / Hansen's disease, social conditions, and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre indicadores sociais e ambientais e o coeficiente de detecção de hanseníase (CDH) na Amazônia brasileira. Métodos: Neste estudo ecológico, foram selecionados os registros de casos novos de hanseníase no ano de 2006 da base de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e calculados os CDHs por 10 000 habitantes. As análises foram realizadas considerando-se 105 microrregiões formadas por municípios adjacentes com semelhanças econômicas e sociais. As variáveis independentes foram área total (km²) desmatada nas microrregiões até 2006; proporção de residentes em domicílios com fossa rudimentar; proporção de residentes em domicílios abastecidos com água de poço; e índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) do ano de 2000. O coeficiente CDH foi suavizado pelo método Bayesiano empírico local. As análises foram conduzidas por meio de correlação e diferenças de médias (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 5 por cento. A técnica de Kernel foi utilizada para investigar a distribuição geográfica dos eventos de interesse para todos os indicadores analisados. Resultados: Verificou-se correlação positiva dos CDHs com o total de área desmatada (r = 0,50; P < 0,000) e a proporção de domicílios com fossa rudimentar (r = 0,49; P < 0,000). O IDH apresentou comportamento inverso ao CDH - quanto maior o IDH, menor o CDH (r = -0,36; P < 0,000). A variável proporção de domicílios com abastecimento de água de poço não apresentou associação com o CDH quando analisada toda a região. conclusões: O coeficiente de detecção de hanseníase, que representa a magnitude da doença, está associado aos indicadores de condições de vida e ao modo de ocupação territorial da Amazônia.

Objective: To analyze the association between social and environmental indicators and the Hansen's disease new case detection rate (HNCDR) in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This ecological study was based on the new cases of Hansen's disease reported to the Brazilian Disease Surveillance System SINAN in 2006. Analyses were performed considering 105 micro-regions formed by adjacent municipalities with economic and social similarities. HNCDRs per 10 000 people were calculated. Independent variables were total area deforested (km²) in each micro-region until 2006; proportion of people living in households with rudimentary septic tanks; proportion of people living in households with water supply from wells; and human development index (HDI) in 2000. Local empirical Bayes smoothing was applied to HNCDR. Analyses were carried out to determined correlations and differences between means (analysis of variance) for a significance level of 5 percent. The Kernel technique was used to investigate the geographic distribution of events of interest for all the study indicators. Results: A positive correlation was observed between HNCDR and total deforested area (r = 0.50; P < 0.000) and percent of households with rudimentary septic tanks (r = 0.49; P < 0.000). HDI was inversely correlated with HNCDR: the higher the HDI, the lower the HNCDR (r = -0.36; P < 0.000). Considering the entire region, proportion of households with water from wells was not associated with NCDR. Conclusions: The Hansen's disease new case detection rate, which reflects the magnitude of disease, is associated with social conditions and land settlement practices in the Brazilian Amazon.